the phoenian alphabet l 1050 BC

The Phoenician alphabet is based on what principle?
that one sign represents one spoken sound

Describe the shape of the letters and what tool created them?
the shapes of the letters were angular and straight, they were created with a stylus

What two reasons made the Phoenician alphabet so successful?
1. the system contrasted with other scripts at the time which used complex characters
2. the trading culture spread the use of the alphabet into parts of north Africa and Europe

What long term effects on the social structures of civilizations did the Phoenicians have with the creation of their alphabet?
it was the first widespread script, it could be used in multiple languages, it allowed common people to learn how to write

Post an example of the Phoenician alphabet in visual form.

hieroglyphics and the egyptians l 3,000 BC

In the sixth century BC, what three civilizations invaded Egypt? 
Persians, Greeks, and Romans
Post an example of the inside wall(s) of an Ancient Egyptian temple.
What was discovered on the inside of the temples?
carved and painted images on every wall and surface

Scholars believe that Ancient Egyptians were inspired and influenced by which written language?
Sumeriancuneiform

What is the difference between logographic and alphabetic elements?
logograpgics are visual symbols representing ideas or objects and alphabetic variations came later as the language evolved into demotic

The term Hieroglyphic derived from what two Greek words?
hiero and glyphic

What is a scribe? 
someone who could read and write instructions

Who else was trained to read and write? Why?
priests who worked in the temples
Post an example of hieroglyphics on papyrus.
What is papyrus and how was it made?
a substrate made from reeds native to Egypt, wet reeds are placed criss-cross over each other, flattened and dried, then rubbed with flat stones until the surface becomes smooth

What is a substrate?
a natural stone with a masonry surface

What were the Books of the Dead?
commissioned by the users themselves before death

How did Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics become a forgotten language?
by the time Greeks and Romans ruled Egypt, few Egyptians were capable of reading or writing them
Post an example of the Rosetta Stone.
What is the Rosetta Stone? Where was it discovered?
a stone that was believed to have the same inscription written on it in 3 different languages, found in a fort in rosetta

What three languages are included on the stone?
Egyptian hieroglyphics, demotic, and Greek

Why couldn't the text on the Stone be deciphered?
a chunk of the stone was missing and none of the 3 texts were complete

Who finally deciphered the text? What was his breakthrough?
jean francois champollion, when he was able to match up the hieroglyphic symbols with the Greek version of the name Egyptian pharaoh Ramses

Why does the interpretation of the Rosetta Stone have such significance?
we now know a great deal about the ancient Egyptians and Egyptian hieroglyphics

cuneiform and the sumerians l 3,000 BC

The Sumerians were one of the earliest types of this kind of civilization? What does that mean?
nomadic civilization,

Why is the region of Sumer considered the Cradle of Civilization?
it is where cuneiform was created

What could the Sumerians practice year round because of the regions climate?
agriculture
Post an example of early Cuneiform (Sumerian pictograph).
Why was Cuneiform created?
to help keep track of business transactions

What medium was used to "write" Cuneiform? Explain the process of preparing and writing on this surface?
used clay, wet the clay, form it into flat surfaces, and use a wedge shaped stylus made from reeds to make impressions into the clay surface, the lay them in the sun to dry and harden

What did Cuneiform begin as a series of? 
pictographs
Post an example of evolved Cuneiform (wedge-shaped).
After it evolved over time, what shape did the characters of Cuneiform evolve into?
a wedge shaped language

Post an example of Akkadian Cuneiform.
After the Akkadians conquered, what happened to the Sumerian culture and written language?
the akkadians adopted the sumerian culture and their written language

What is a pictograph?
a pictorial or visual representation of an object

Why did the creation of Cuneiform allow the Sumerians to become a sophisticated culture?
 because they had a new form of communication

cave paintings l 35,000 years ago

What are cave paintings?
beautiful, detailed, and colorful representations found on the inside of cave walls ad ceilings

Name several common themes found in cave paintings?
large animals, tracings of human hands, and abstract patterns

How were these paintings created (tools, pigments)?
paint was made by mixing water, plant juice, animal blood, soil, charcoal, and hematite. brushes were made with sticks, small stones, leaves, and animal hair.

What is the most famous cave painting site? When was it discovered and by whom?Post an example of cave painting(s) from this cave.
lascaux, discovered in 1940 by 4 teenage boys


Why did this cave have to be closed? What was done to satisfy public curiosity?
closed because the paintings were being damaged by the carbon dioxide emitted from the tourists. a man-made replica was created next to the original

Post an example of cave painting(s) from Altamira cave.
In Altamira cave, why do most of the paintings have a red hue?
because of the red clay in the soil


Who discovered this site? How old are the paintings confirmed to be?
marceline sanz de sautuola and his daughter maria, nearly 19,000 years old

What is the oldest known cave painting site? When was it discovered and by whom?Post an example of cave painting(s) from this cave.
chauvet-point arc, discovered in 1994 by three speleogists


 
What was different about the painting techniques at this site?
walls were scrapped clear of debris and 3D effect was created by etching around the edges

What is "speleology"?
a branch of scientists that focus on the study of caves

What three reasons do archeologists and historians believe prehistoric man created cave paintings?
 1. to tell a story or recount and event that already happened
2. as an instructional visual aid to help teach about hunting techniques
3. for magical or religious reasons that if an image of a desired event were painted, it might come true

visual organization

- Not directing the audience through a design is misdirecting them

Eye movement:
- The typical eye moves left to right and top to bottom
- Controlling eye movement within a composition is a matter of directing the natural scanning tendency of the viewer's eye
- The eye tends to gravitate toward areas of complexity first. in pictures of people, the eye is always attracted to the face and particularly the eye.
- Light areas of a composition will attract the eye, especially when adjacent to a dark area
- Diagonal lines or edges will guide eye movement

optical center
- The spot where the human eye tends to enter the page. optical center is slightly above mathematical canter and just to the left
- It takes a compelling element to pull yours eyes away from this spot

Z pattern
- Our visual pattern makes a sweep of the page, generally, in the shape of a Z
- Effective page design maps a viewers route through the information. the designers objective is to lead the viewers eye to the important elements or information

Fonts
- Use no more then 2 fonts on a page and fonts must compliment each other
- Avoid using all caps unless its absolutely necessary
- Choose the right font, work with the theme of your composition
- Don't overuse fancy or complicated fonts

-Effective page design maps a viewer's route through the information. The designers objective is to lead the viewer's eye to the important elements or information.

- Visual hierarchy: will establish focal points based on their importance to the message that is being communicate.

- A crucial part of the design process is to establish an order of elements, a visual structure, to help the viewer absorb the information provided by a design.

To establish visual hierarchy ask yourself:
-What do I want my viewer to look at first?
-What do I want my viewer to look at third?

The Grid: The way of organizing content on a page, using any combination of margins, guide lines, rows, and columns.

The grid can assist the audience by breaking info into manageable chunks and establishing relationships between text and images.

Modernism: Simple and clear.

A grid consists of a distinct set of alignment-based relationships that act as guides for distributing elements across a format.

Every design is different; so every design will require a different grid structure, one that addresses the particular elements within the design.

A grid is used to help clarify the message being communicated and to unify the elements.

careers

package designer

description: design and develop manufactured products

skills: using colorful graphics, unique shapes, and other eye-arresting methods

educational requirements: a bachelor or associates degree is usually needed for this career

opportunity for growth: good package designs will stand out and engage customers to make that brand a success

settings of employment: online

salary: for commercial and industrial designers the median annual wage is $61,890

what you can do to build skills: coursework that covers typography design, color theory, digital photography, 3-D design, illustration, multimedia, web design, and figure drawing

production artist:
description: assist graphic designer, edit design
skills: know how to use in design, Photoshop, etc.
requirements: 4 years in college
salary: $40,000- $100,000

graphic designer:
description: create visual solutions to communicate problems, mostly magazines, journals, etc.
skills: layout techniques, communication verbally and in writing, problem solving
requirements: bachelor degree, good portfolio, 1-3 years of working experience
salary: $32,000-$56,000

art director
description: makes visual concepts for billboards,posters, magazines, etc.
skills: excellent judgement, negotiation skills, verbal and written communication
requirements: bachelors degree, several years of experience
salary: $82,000- $150,000

creative director:
description:
skills:
requirements:
salary:


illustrator:
description: combine art, design, and creative skills to develop ideas and produce original designs
skills: good writing, creativity, style, imagination, etc.
requirements: bachelors degree, good portfolio, high school degree
salary: $14,000- $19,000

web design:
description: creating a website for clients
skills: graphic design, computer experience,using Photoshop, in design, comfortable working with computers, etc.
requirements: bachelors degree in graphic field, work on school websites
salary: $46,000- $81,000

comic book artist:
description: create a story using their artwork
skills: no skills
requirements: art degree, worked for school website or school paper
salary: $30,000- $50,000 per year for big companies

computer animation:
description: 3d or 2d objects with motion created with animation on the computer
skills: drawing, story telling, timing, composition, etc.
requirements: no degree required, need to know how to use software
salary: $40,000 is the starting salary

publication designer:
description: handle looks of publications such as magazines or newspaper, create artwork for pages
skills: communication, knowledge for design software, ability to work with others
requirements: bachelors degree previous experience, creative artwork
salary: $30,000- $65,000

free lancer:
description: work for many companies, work mostly alone
skills: organization, patience, hard working, good motivation, knowledge for software
requirements: bachelor degree is good but not mandatory
salary: $32,000- $57,000

storyboard artist:
description: visualize scenarios and perspectives for story boards, communicate with designs
skills: imagination, organization, familiar with adobe, time management,
requirements: bachelor degree is recommended
salary: $30,000- $200,000

AIGA:
description: organization trying to inform and inspire artist who want to go into graphic design
skills: able to work with adobe
requirements: experience for over 4 years

PIAG:
description: support graphic art, educate the public about art, act as a catalyst for printing industry
requirements: fill out information and submit it to PIAG

SPD:
description: society of publication design, work on magazines, newspapers, etc.
requirements: help support the industry

copy writer:
description: create types for advertisements, write the words for magazines, newspapers, tv ads, etc
requirements: education of typography, 3-5 years of experience
salary: $40,000- $200,000

portrait photography:
description: take pictures of individuals or groups for weddings, family photos, etc.
skills: able to multitask, good with technology and computers
salary: $31,000

documentary photography:
description: produce truth photography of a particular subject to document history or inform the public
skills: passion for current events, represent a story, creative, professional
requirements: bachelors degree in photo journalism, experience with design software
salary: $39,000

advertising photographer:
description: take pictures of various subject, work with film or digital media
skills: able to work with equipment, marketing, creative
requirements: take art or photo classes
salary: $50,000- $150,000 or more

editorial photographer:
description: photos for stories and articles, create overall looks for magazines, websites, etc.
skills: time management, creative, imagination, good ideas, knowledge of photography
requirements: bachelors degree in editorial photography
salary: $25,000

fashion photography:
description: photography of clothing and fashion items
skills: capture certain moods in pictures, able to work with others
requirements: degree, strong portfolio, photography experience,
salary: $50,000- $100,000

sports photography:
description:
skills:
requirements:
salary:

PPA:
description: professional photographers of America, founded in 1869, use online data base to represent and train photographers, want to provided education with their work

APA:
description: American photographic artist, helps find other jobs, promote professional practices, standards, and ethics in the photographic and advertising community

NAPP:
description: national association of Photoshop professionals, create in depth designs like books, movies, and magazines, utilize the ability of Photoshop,
skills: creative, imagination, use emphasis and balance
requirements: working experience with advertisement, no college needed but it is helpful

NPPA:
description: national press photography association, dedicated to photo journalism, encourage journalist to work at a high quality, has workshops and seminars

photojournalism:
description: provides clear and easy to read, high quality images
skills: steady hand internships, good portfolio, take photo classes
requirements: bachelor degree in art or visual communication
salary: $18,000- $40,000

creative director:
description: determines best way for companies to represent themselves, recruiting and managing firms, designing, critique
skills: high level of design in photoshop, able to pitch designs, multitask, use print and web design, knowledge of layout and  typography, able to tell a story
requirements: graduate degree in fine art, 4 years of experience working with a large scale website
salary: $130,000